Vocabulary
1. Complete the table with appropriate verbs, nouns, and adjectives.
| Verb | Noun | Adjective |
| to poison | (1)__________ | poisonous |
| (2)__________ | contamination contaminant | contaminated |
| to pollute | pollution (3)__________ | (4)__________ |
| to die | (5)__________ | dead |
| to damage | damage | (6)__________ |
2. Complete the sentences with the words from the table in 1. You do not need to use all the words. The first letter of each word has been provided.
1. The p__________ chemical waste is dumped into the river.
2. Do you know what p__________ cause air pollution?
3. The d__________ fish are floating in the water.
4. Don't drink that water. It's c__________.
5. The acid rain has caused d__________ to the trees in this area.
6. If we p__________ the air, more people will have breathing problems.
| CAUSE Here are some words and phrases can use to signal the cause of a problem: • because/ since + clause Example: Because/Since the water is polluted, the fish are dead. • due to/ because of + sth Example: The fish are dead due to/because of the polluted water. | EFFECT Here are some words and phrases can use to signal the effect of a problem: • so + clause Example: The water is polluted, so the fish are dead. • to cause sth/ to lead to sth/ to result in sth Example: The polluted water causes/ results in death of the fish. • to make sb/sth do sth Example: The polluted water makes the fish die. |
3a. Decide which sentence in each pair of sentences is a cause and which is an effect. Write C (for cause) or E (for effect) next to each sentence. Note that the words in brackets relate to Activity 3b.
1. People throw litter on the ground. Many animals eat the litter and become sick. (because)
2. Ships spill oil in oceans and rivers. Many aquatic animals and plants die. (lead to)
3. Households dump waste into the river. It is polluted. (so)
4. Their children have birth defects. The parents were exposed to radiation. (since)
5. We can't see the stars at night. There is too much light pollution. (due to)
b. Combine the sentences in each pair into a new sentence that shows a cause/ effect relationship. Use the cause or effect signal word or phrase given in brackets. You will have to add, delete, or change words in most sentences.
Example:
1. Because people throw litter on the ground, many animals eat it and become sick./ Many animals eat the litter and become sick because people throw it on the ground.
4. Work in groups. Look at the pairs of pictures. Give as many sentences as possible to show cause/ effect relationships.
Example:
People cough because they breathe in the fumes from cars.
The fumes from cars make people cough.
Pronunciation
Stress in words ending in -ic and -al
Adding the suffix -ic changes the stress of a word. Stress the syllable immediately before the suffix.
Example:
'atom → a'tomic
Adding the suffix -al to a word does not change its stress.
Example:
'music → 'musical
Note: If a word can take both suffixes: one ending in -ic and the other ending in -al, both words have the stress on the same syllable.
Example:
e'conomy → eco'nomic → eco'nomical
5. Listen and mark the stress in each word, then repeat it.
| 1. artistic 2. athletic 3. historic 4. historical 5. logical | 6. physical 7. heroic 8. poetic 9. botanic 10. botanical |
6. Underline the words ending in -ic and circle the words ending in -al in the following sentences. Mark the stress in each word. Listen and check your answers, then repeat the sentences.
1. According to scientific research, tiny species may help clean radioactive pollution.
2. Water quality has become a national problem.
3. Many people have received medical treatment because of the disease.
4. Chemical waste can cause water pollution.
5. The reduction in air pollution was dramatic last year.
